For decades, the bilateral relationship between India and Nepal regarding water resources and their utilisation was viewed primarily through the lens of dispute as a result of the older water-sharing treaties, which were often perceived as unfair by Nepal, with the prevailing sentiment that the agreements were asymmetrical and heavily favoured towards India. In recent times, this has evolved towards a relationship that views hydroelectricity as a regional commodity.

The global economy is currently inextricably tethered to seventeen elements buried in the earth’s crust. These Rare Earth Elements (REEs) form the foundational bedrock of modern civilization by powering everything from commercial electric vehicles (EVs) and consumer electronics to advanced missile defence systems. For decades, the global market outsourced the environmentally hazardous and capital-intensive process of refining these minerals to the People’s Republic of Chi

Steel has always been a proxy for industrial power. The countries that make it cheaply tend to win. For a long time, the logic was blunt: pay your workers less, skip the environmental compliance, keep your energy bills low, and you could sell steel into Europe cheaper than any European mill ever could. That edge is now being taxed out of existence.

The global arms industry for the majority of the twentieth century had been running on a rather lopsided basis. Advanced weapons systems were developed, manufactured, and shipped by developed countries. Developing nations, regardless of the scale of their security challenges, were left without control to purchase what they were offered, usually paying a staggering toll financially and in politically problematic circumstances.

Since gaining independence, India's trade policy has concentrated on non-reliance and protectionism, setting it apart from other nations. The 35 years following independence were characterized by extremely high tariffs, strict import controls, and a complicated licensing system designed to promote rising Indian diligence while securing multitudinous sectors.

Globalisation is breaking into a multipolar world where technology, trade, and culture are reshaped by new power centres. Emerging economies like India, China, and Russia are building their own payment systems, digital networks, and trade routes. This shift offers both opportunities and risks, to stay connected yet self-reliant. Success in this fragmented global order will depend on trust, inclusion, innovation, and digital sovereignty.