The motherhood penalty is the loss a woman faces in the workplace after becoming a mother. In simpler words, the motherhood penalty is an utterly frustrating phenomenon for women facing economic disadvantages after becoming a mother.

This text attempts to trace the legal history and the implications of the latest Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Amendment Bill, 2026, which, after obtaining the assent of the president, has become an act on 30th March, 2026. This act has replaced the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019.